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ÀÛ¼ºÀÏ : 12/11/09
2013Çг⵵ ¼ö´É ¿Ü±¹¾î ¿µ¿ª 25¹ø Çؼ³
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2013³â ¼ö´É ¿Ü±¹¾î ¿µ¿ª 25¹ø Á¤´ä ¹× Çؼ³ - ¼Û°î´åÄÄ(songgok.com)
 
25. ´ÙÀ½ ºóÄ­¿¡ µé¾î°¥ ¸»·Î °¡Àå ÀûÀýÇÑ °ÍÀ» °í¸£½Ã¿À.
 
In Belding¡¯s ground squirrels, males leave home and females mature in their natal area. This male-biased dispersal creates an imbalance in the way males and females are related to those individuals around them ¡ª females find themselves surrounded by relatives, while males are generally in areas with complete strangers. This asymmetry translates into females who warn close kin by emitting alarm calls, while males generally do not emit calls since their dispersal from their natal areas means their blood kin typically do not benefit from such a warning. Further support for the kinship-based alarm-calling hypothesis includes Sherman¡¯s finding that in the rare instances when females do move away from their natal groups and into groups with far fewer relatives, they                                                   .
 
¨ç end up acquiring the alarm calls of the new group
¨è make constant attempts to bring their blood kin along
¨é display a tendency to become more active and cooperative
¨ê emit alarm calls less frequently than do native females
¨ë adopt a more elaborate defense mechanism than alarm calls
 
1. ³»¿ëÇ®ÀÌ
ºóÄ­¿¡´Â ±ÛÀÇ Á߹ݺαîÁö À̾îÁö´Â Ä£Á·¿¡ ±Ù°ÅÇÑ °æ°íÀ½ °¡¼³(Ä£Á·°ú ÇÔ²² »ýÈ°ÇÏ´Â ¾ÏÄÆÀº °æ°íÀ½À» ³»Áö¸¸, Ä£Á·°ú ¶³¾îÁ® »ýÈ°ÇÏ´Â ¼öÄÆÀº °æ°íÀ½À» ³»Áö ¾Ê´Â´Ù´Â °¡¼³)À» Ãß°¡ÀûÀ¸·Î ÁöÁöÇØ ÁÖ´Â ³»¿ëÀÌ ¿Í¾ß ÇÑ´Ù. µû¶ó¼­ Ä£Á·ÀÇ ¼ö°¡ ÈξÀ ´õ ÀûÀº Áý´ÜÀ¸·Î À̵¿ÇÑ ¾ÏÄÆÀÇ °æ¿ì, ž °÷¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ¾ÏÄƺ¸´Ù °æ°íÀ½À» ÈξÀ ´õ Àû°Ô ³½´Ù´Â ³»¿ëÀÌ ¿Í¾ß ÀÚ¿¬½º·¯¿ì¹Ç·Î, ¨ê°¡ Á¤´äÀÌ´Ù. ¡æ¨ç °á±¹ »õ·Î¿î Áý´ÜÀÇ °æ°íÀ½À» ½ÀµæÇÑ´Ù ¨è ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ Ä£Á·À» µ¥·Á¿À·Á°í °è¼Ó ½ÃµµÇÑ´Ù ¨é ´õ ´Éµ¿ÀûÀÌ°í ÇùÁ¶ÀûÀÎ ¼ºÇâÀ» º¸¿©ÁØ´Ù ¨ë °æ°íÀ½º¸´Ù ´õ Á¤±³ÇÑ ¹æ¾îü°è¸¦ äÅÃÇÑ´Ù.
 
2. ±¸¹®Çؼ³
¨ç [In Belding¡¯s ground squirrels, males leave home and females mature in their natal area.] ¡æ Belding ¾ó·è ´Ù¶÷Áã »çÀÌ¿¡¼­, ¼öÄÆÀº ÁýÀ» ¶°³ª°í ¾ÏÄÆÀº ž °÷¿¡¼­ ÀÚ¶õ´Ù
 
¨è [This male-biased dispersal creates an imbalance in the way / (that) males and females are related to those individuals around them ¡ª females find themselves surrounded by relatives, while males are generally in areas with complete strangers.]    ¡Ømale-biased dispersal:(Á÷¿ª) ¼öÄÆ¿¡ Ä¡¿î Ä£ ºÐ»ê(¼öÄÆÀÌ ÁÖ·Î ÁýÀ» ¶°³ª ºÐ»êÀÌ ÀÌ·ç¾îÁö´Â Ç¥Çö) ¡Øbe related to: ~°ú °ü°è¸¦ ¸Î´Ù, °ü·ÃµÇ´Ù.
 
¡æ ÀÌ·¸°Ô ¼öÄÆÀÌ ÁÖ·Î ¶°³ª ºÐ»êÀÌ ÀÌ·ïÁö´Â °ÍÀº ¼öÄÆ°ú ¾ÏÄÆÀÌ ÁÖÀ§¿¡ ÀÖ´Â °³Ã¼µé°ú °ü°è¸¦ ¸Î´Â ¹æ½Ä¿¡ ÀÖ¾î ºÒ±ÕÇüÀ» ¸¸µé¾î ³½´Ù. Áï, ¾ÏÄƵéÀº Ä£Á·µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ µÑ·¯½ÎÀÌ°Ô µÇ°í, ¹Ý¸é¿¡ ¼öÄƵéÀº ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ³¸¼± °³Ã¼µé°ú ÇÔ²² ÀÖ´Â Áö¿ª¿¡ ÀÖ°Ô µÈ´Ù.
 
¨é [This asymmetry translates into females / who warn close kin / by emitting alarm calls, / while males generally do not emit calls / since(=because) their dispersal from their natal areas / means (that) their blood kin typically do not benefit from such a warning.]  ¡Øtranslate Çؼ®ÇÏ´Ù, ¹ø¿ªÇÏ´Ù, ¿Å±â´Ù¡æ ÀÌ ´Ü¾î¸¦ ¾´ ÀÌÀ¯´Â ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ºÒ±ÕÇüÀ¸·Î ÀÎÇØ ¾ÏÄÆÀÌ whoÀÌÇÏ Çϵµ·Ï ¹Ù²Ù¾î ¹ö¸°´Ù´Â ÀǹÌÀÔ´Ï´Ù. ¡Ø by ~ing: ~ÇÔÀ¸·Î½á   ¡Øwhile: ¹Ý¸é¿¡
 
¡æ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ºÒ±ÕÇüÀº °æ°íÀ½À» ³¿À¸·Î½á °¡±î¿î Ä£Á·¿¡°Ô °æ°íÇÏ´Â ¾ÏÄƵéÀÌ µÇ°Ô Çϸç, ¹Ý¸é ¼öÄƵéÀº ´ë°³ °æ°íÀ½À» ³»Áö ¾Ê´Âµ¥ ž °÷¿¡¼­ ¶°³ª ¿Ô´Ù´Â °ÍÀº Ä£Á·µéÀÌ ±×·¯ÇÑ °æ°í·Î ÀÎÇØ º¸ÅëÀº ÇýÅÃÀ» ¹ÞÁö ¸øÇÔÀ» ÀǹÌÇϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù.
 
¨ê [Further support (for the kinship-based alarm-calling hypothesis) / includes Sherman¡¯s finding / that (in the rare instances) when females do move away from their natal groups and (move) into groups with far fewer relatives, they emit alarm calls less frequently than do native females.]
¡Øthe kinship-based alarm-calling hypothesis:Ä£Á·¿¡ Ä¡¿ìÄ£ °æ°ÅÀ½ °¡¼³ ¡Øin the rare instances: ¾ÆÁÖ µå¹® °æ¿ì¿¡ ¡Ødo move away: do´Â °­Á¶ ¡Øfar fewer relatives:ÀûÀº¼öÀÇ Ä£Á·
 
¡æÄ£Á·¿¡ ±Ù°ÅÇÑ °æ°íÀ½ °¡¼³À» Ãß°¡ÀûÀ¸·Î ÁöÁöÇØÁÖ´Â °ÍÀº ¾ÏÄÆÀÌ Å¾ Áý´Ü¿¡¼­ ÈξÀ ´õ ÀûÀº ¼öÀÇ Ä£Á·À» Áö´Ñ Áý´ÜÀ¸·Î ¸Ö¸® À̵¿ÇÑ µå¹® °æ¿ì¿¡, ±× ¾ÏÄÆÀÌ Å¾ °÷¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ¾ÏÄƺ¸´Ù ´õ ÀûÀº ºóµµ·Î °æ°íÀ½À» ³½´Ù´Â ShermanÀÇ ¹ß°ßÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ´Ù.
 
3. ´Ü¾îÁ¤¸®
*ground squirrel ¾ó·è´Ù¶÷Áã *mature ¼ºÀåÇÏ´Ù, ¼º¼÷ÇÏ´Ù, ¼º¼÷ÇÑ *natal Ãâ»ýÀÇ dispersal ºÐ»ê, ÀüÆÄ, È®»ê *bias ÇÑÂÊÀ¸·Î Ä¡¿ìÄ¡´Ù, Æí°ß *biased ÇÑÂÊÀ¸·Î Ä¡¿ìÄ£*asymmetry[[eisímǝtri] ºÒ±ÕÇü, ºñ´ëĪ *translate Çؼ®ÇÏ´Ù, ¹ø¿ªÇÏ´Ù, ¿Å±â´Ù *kin Ä£Á·, ÀÏ°¡ *emit (¼Ò¸®¸¦) ³»´Ù, ¹ß»êÇÏ´Ù *kinship Ä£Á· *hypothesis[ [haipά¥èǝsis]°¡¼³ *relative Ä£Á·, ģô *end up ~ing: °á±¹ ~ÀÌ µÇ´Ù *elaborate defense mechanism:Á¤±³ÇÑ ¹æ¾î ü°è
 
4. Àü¹®Çؼ®
Belding ¾ó·è ´Ù¶÷Áã »çÀÌ¿¡¼­, ¼öÄÆÀº ÁýÀ» ¶°³ª°í ¾ÏÄÆÀº ž °÷¿¡¼­ ÀÚ¶õ´Ù. ÀÌ·¸°Ô ¼öÄÆÀÌ ÁÖ·Î ¶°³ª ºÐ»êÀÌ ÀÌ·ïÁö´Â °ÍÀº ¼öÄÆ°ú ¾ÏÄÆÀÌ ÁÖÀ§¿¡ ÀÖ´Â °³Ã¼µé°ú °ü°è¸¦ ¸Î´Â ¹æ½Ä¿¡ ÀÖ¾î ºÒ±ÕÇüÀ» ¸¸µé¾î ³½´Ù. Áï, ¾ÏÄƵéÀº Ä£Á·µé¿¡ ÀÇÇØ ÀÚ½ÅÀÌ µÑ·¯½ÎÀÌ°Ô µÇ°í, ¹Ý¸é¿¡ ¼öÄƵéÀº ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î ¿ÏÀüÈ÷ ³¸¼± °³Ã¼µé°ú ÇÔ²² ÀÖ´Â Áö¿ª¿¡ ÀÖ°Ô µÈ´Ù. ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ ºÒ±ÕÇüÀº °æ°íÀ½À» ³¿À¸·Î½á °¡±î¿î Ä£Á·¿¡°Ô °æ°íÇÏ´Â ¾ÏÄƵéÀÌ µÇ°Ô Çϸç, ¹Ý¸é ¼öÄƵéÀº ´ë°³ °æ°íÀ½À» ³»Áö ¾Ê´Âµ¥ ž °÷¿¡¼­ ¶°³ª ¿Ô´Ù´Â °ÍÀº Ä£Á·µéÀÌ ±×·¯ÇÑ °æ°í·Î ÀÎÇØ º¸ÅëÀº ÇýÅÃÀ» ¹ÞÁö ¸øÇÔÀ» ÀǹÌÇϱ⠶§¹®ÀÌ´Ù. Ä£Á·¿¡ ±Ù°ÅÇÑ °æ°íÀ½ °¡¼³À» Ãß°¡ÀûÀ¸·Î ÁöÁöÇØÁÖ´Â °ÍÀº ¾ÏÄÆÀÌ Å¾ Áý´Ü¿¡¼­ ÈξÀ ´õ ÀûÀº ¼öÀÇ Ä£Á·À» Áö´Ñ Áý´ÜÀ¸·Î ¸Ö¸® À̵¿ÇÑ µå¹® °æ¿ì¿¡, ±× ¾ÏÄÆÀÌ Å¾ °÷¿¡ ÀÖ´Â ¾ÏÄƺ¸´Ù ´õ ÀûÀº ºóµµ·Î °æ°íÀ½À» ³½´Ù´Â ShermanÀÇ ¹ß°ßÀ» Æ÷ÇÔÇÑ´Ù.
 
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