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How does genetic modification work?
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Genetic modification involves inserting or altering an organism’s genes to produce a desired characteristic
Inserting genes
When a plant, for example, is modified by inserting a gene from another plant into it, this is the process
1. A plant that has the desired characteristic is identified
2. The specific gene that produces this characteristic is located and cut out of the plant’s DNA
3. To get the gene into the cells of the plant being modified, the gene needs to be attached to a carrier. A piece of bacterial DNA called a plasmid is joined to the gene to act as the carrier
4. A type of switch, called a ‘promoter’, is also included with the combined gene and plasmid. This helps make sure the gene works properly when it is put into the plant being modified. Only a small number of cells in the plant being modified will actually take up the new gene. To find out which ones have done so, the gene package often also includes a marker gene to identify them (see Antibiotic-resistant marker genes on page 10).
5. The gene package is inserted into a bacterium. Which is allowed to reproduce to create many copies of the gene package.
6. The gene package are then transferred into the plant being modified. This is usually done in one of two ways :
(1). By attaching the gene packages to tiny particles of gold or tungsten and firing them at high speed into a piece of the plant’s tissue. Gold or tungsten are used because they are chemically insert – in other words, they won’t react with their surroundings
Gene gus firing gold particle with gene package into plant tissue
(2) by using a soil bacterium, called Agrobacterium tumefaciens, to take in the gene package when the bacterium invades the plant tissue. The gene packages are put into A. tumefaciens, which are modified to make sure they do not become active when they invade the new plant
Soil bacterium containing gene package invading plant tissue
7. The plant tissue that has taken up the gene packages is then grown into full-size GM plants.
8. The GM plants are checked extensively to make sure that the new genes are working as they should. This is done by growing the whole plants, allowing them to turn to seed, planting the seeds and growing the plants again, while monitoring the gene that has been inserted. This is repeated several times.
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