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27. ´ÙÀ½ ºóÄ¿¡ µé¾î°¥ ¸»·Î °¡Àå ÀûÀýÇÑ °ÍÀ» °í¸£½Ã¿À.
Recent evidence suggests that the common ancestor of Neanderthals and modern people, living about 400,000 years ago, may have already been using pretty sophisticated language. If language is based on genes and is the key to cultural evolution, and Neanderthals had language, then why did the Neanderthal toolkit show so little cultural change? Moreover, genes would undoubtedly have changed during the human revolution after 200,000 years ago, but more in response to new habits than as causes of them. At an earlier date, cooking selected mutations for smaller guts and mouths, rather than vice versa. At a later date, milk drinking selected for mutations for retaining lactose digestion into adulthood in people of western European and East African descent. . The appeal to a genetic change driving evolution gets gene-culture co-evolution backwards: it is a top-down explanation for a bottom-up process. [3Á¡]
¨ç Genetic evolution is the mother of new habits
¨è Every gene is the architect of its own mutation
¨é The cultural horse comes before the genetic cart
¨ê The linguistic shovel paves the way for a cultural road
¨ë When the cultural cat is away, the genetic mice will play
1. ³»¿ëÇ®ÀÌ
À¯ÀüÀÚ°¡ º¯ÇÏ¿© ¹®ÈÀûÀÎ Áøȸ¦ ÇÑ °ÍÀÌ ¾Æ´Ï¶ó, ¹®ÈÀûÀÎ ÁøÈ¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹ÝÀÀÀ¸·Î À¯ÀüÀÚ°¡ º¯Çß´Ù´Â ³»¿ëÀÌ´Ù. ÀÌ´Â ±âÁ¸ÀÇ Åë³ä°ú ¹Ý´ëµÇ´Â ³»¿ëÀ̹ǷÎ, ºóÄ¿¡ µé¾î°¥ ¸»·Î °¡Àå ÀûÀýÇÑ °ÍÀº ¨é ¡®¹®ÈÀûÀÎ ¸»ÀÌ À¯ÀüÀûÀÎ ¼ö·¹ ¾Õ¿¡ ¿Â´Ù.¡¯ÀÌ´Ù. ¹®È°¡ À¯ÀüÀ» À̲ø°í °¨À» ¼Ó´ãÀ» ºø´ë¾î Ç¥ÇöÇß´Ù. ¡æ ¨ç À¯ÀüÀûÀÎ ÁøÈ´Â »õ·Î¿î ½À°üÀÇ ¾î¸Ó´ÏÀÌ´Ù. ¨è ¸ðµç À¯ÀüÀÚ´Â ±× ÀÚ½ÅÀÇ º¯ÈÀÇ ¼³°èÀÚÀÌ´Ù. ¨ê ¾ð¾îÀûÀÎ »ðÀÌ ¹®ÈÀûÀÎ ±æ·Î °¡´Â µµ·Î¸¦ Æ÷ÀåÇÑ´Ù. ¨ë ¹®ÈÀûÀÎ °í¾çÀÌ°¡ ¾øÀ» ¶§, À¯ÀüÀûÀÎ Áã°¡ ¿Õ ³ë¸©À» ÇÑ´Ù.
2. ±¸¹®Çؼ³
¨ç [Recent evidence suggests that the common ancestor of Neanderthals and modern people, (living about 400,000 years ago,) may have already been using pretty sophisticated language.] ¡æÃÖ±ÙÀÇ Áõ°Å´Â ¾à 400,000³â Àü¿¡ »ì¾Ò´ø ³×¾Èµ¥¸£Å»Àΰú Çö´ëÀÎÀÇ °øÅë Á¶»óÀÌ ¾ÆÁÖ ¼¼·ÃµÈ ¾ð¾î¸¦ ÀÌ¹Ì »ç¿ëÇÏ°í ÀÖ¾úÀ»Áöµµ ¸ð¸¥´Ù´Â Á¡À» ½Ã»çÇÑ´Ù.
¨è [If language is based on genes and is the key to cultural evolution, and Neanderthals had language, then why did the Neanderthal toolkit show so little cultural change?] ¡æ ¸¸¾à ¾ð¾î°¡ À¯ÀüÀÚ¿¡ ±â¹ÝÀ» µÎ¸ç ¹®ÈÀûÀÎ ÁøÈ·Î °¡´Â ¿¼è¶ó¸é, ±×¸®°í ³×¾Èµ¥¸£Å»ÀÎÀÌ ¾ð¾î°¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù¸é, ¿Ö ³×¾Èµ¥¸£Å»ÀÎÀÇ µµ±¸¼¼Æ®´Â ¹®ÈÀûÀÎ º¯È¸¦ °ÅÀÇ º¸¿©ÁÖÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ»±î?
¨é [Moreover, genes would undoubtedly have changed during the human revolution after 200,000 years ago, but more in response to new habits than as causes of them.] ¡Øin response to new habits: »õ·Î¿î ½À°ü¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹ÝÀÀ ¡Øthem =new habits. ¡æ °Ô´Ù°¡ À¯ÀüÀÚ´Â 200,000³â Àü ÀÌÈÄÀÇ Àΰ£ÀÇ Çõ¸í µ¿¾È¿¡ ÀǽÉÇÒ ¿©Áö¾øÀÌ º¯ÇØ¿ÔÀ» °ÍÀÌÁö¸¸, »õ·Î¿î ½À°üÀÇ ¿øÀÎÀ¸·Î ¼¶ó±âº¸´Ù´Â »õ·Î¿î ½À°ü¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹ÝÀÀÀ¸·Î¼ º¯ÇØ¿ÔÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù.
¨ê [At an earlier date, cooking selected mutations for smaller guts and mouths, rather than vice versa.] ¡Ø rather than Â÷¶ó¸® ~¶ó±â º¸´Ù´Â ¡Øvice versa °Å²Ù·Î, ¹Ý´ë·Î ¡æ Ãʱ⿡´Â, ¿ä¸®´Â ±× ¹Ý´ëÀÇ °æ¿ìº¸´Ù´Â ´õ ÀÛÀºÃ¢ÀÚ¿Í ÀÔÀ» À§ÇÑ º¯È¸¦ ¼±ÅÃÇß´Ù.
¨ë [At a later date, milk drinking selected for mutations / for retaining lactose digestion / into adulthood / in people of western European and East African descent.] ¡Ømilk drinking:¿ìÀ¯¼·Ãë ¡Ølactose digestion:¶ôÅä¿À½º ¼ÒÈ ¡æ ³ªÁß¿¡´Â, ¿ìÀ¯ ¼·Ãë°¡ ¼±¸ À¯·´Àεé°ú µ¿¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«°è »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô¼ ¶ôÅä¿À½º ¼Òȸ¦ ¼ºÀαâ±îÁö À¯ÁöÇϱâ À§ÇÑ º¯È¸¦ ¼±ÅÃÇß´Ù.
¨ì [The cultural horse comes before the genetic cart]
¡æ ¹®ÈÀûÀÎ ¸»ÀÌ À¯ÀüÀûÀÎ ¼ö·¹ ¾Õ¿¡ ¿Â´Ù.(°Ý¾ð)
¨í [The appeal to a genetic change (which is) driving evolution / gets gene-culture co-evolution backwards: it is a top-down explanation for a bottom-up process.] ¡Ødriving = making ¡Øgene-culture co-evolution: À¯Àü°ú ¹®ÈÀÇ °øµ¿ ÁøÈ ¡Øget ~ backwards: ~À» ÈÄÅðÇÏ°Ô ÇÏ´Ù(¿ªÇàÇÏ´Ù) ¡Øtop-down explanation:ÇÏÇâ½Ä ¼³¸í ¡Ø bottom-up process: »óÇâ½Ä °úÁ¤ ¡æ Áøȸ¦ À̲ô´Â À¯ÀüÀûÀÎ º¯È¿¡ÀÇ È£¼Ò´Â À¯Àü°ú ¹®ÈÀÇ °øµ¿ Áøȸ¦ ¿ªÇàÇÑ´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº »óÇâ½Ä °úÁ¤¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÇÏÇâ½Ä ¼³¸íÀÌ´Ù.
3. ´Ü¾îÁ¤¸®
*evidence Áõ°Å *ancestor Á¶»ó *sophisticated ¼¼·ÃµÈ *be based on~¿¡ ¹ÙÅÁÀ» µÎ´Ù *gene À¯ÀüÀÚ *evolution ÁøÈ *toolkit ¿¬Àå(¼¼Æ®) *undoubtedly ÀǽÉÇÒ ¿©Áö¾øÀÌ *revolution Çõ¸í *in response to ~¿¡ ÀÀÇÏ¿©, ~¿¡ ´äÇÏ¿© *mutation º¯È *gut âÀÚ *vice versa °Å²Ù·Î, ¹Ý´ë·Î *retain À¯ÁöÇÏ´Ù, º¸À¯ÇÏ´Ù *digestion ¼ÒÈ *process °úÁ¤ *descent ÈÄ¼Õ *top-down ÇÏÇâ½ÄÀÇ *bottom-up »óÇâ½ÄÀÇ
4. Àü¹®Çؼ®
ÃÖ±ÙÀÇ Áõ°Å´Â ¾à 400,000³â Àü¿¡ »ì¾Ò´ø ³×¾Èµ¥¸£Å»Àΰú Çö´ëÀÎÀÇ °øÅë Á¶»óÀÌ ¾ÆÁÖ ¼¼·ÃµÈ ¾ð¾î¸¦ ÀÌ¹Ì »ç¿ëÇÏ°í ÀÖ¾úÀ»Áöµµ ¸ð¸¥´Ù´Â Á¡À» ½Ã»çÇÑ´Ù. ¸¸¾à ¾ð¾î°¡ À¯ÀüÀÚ¿¡ ±â¹ÝÀ» µÎ¸ç ¹®ÈÀûÀÎ ÁøÈ·Î °¡´Â ¿¼è¶ó¸é, ±×¸®°í ³×¾Èµ¥¸£Å»ÀÎÀÌ ¾ð¾î°¡ ÀÖ¾ú´Ù¸é, ¿Ö ³×¾Èµ¥¸£Å»ÀÎÀÇ µµ±¸¼¼Æ®´Â ¹®ÈÀûÀÎ º¯È¸¦ °ÅÀÇ º¸¿©ÁÖÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ»±î? °Ô´Ù°¡ À¯ÀüÀÚ´Â 200,000³â Àü ÀÌÈÄÀÇ Àΰ£ÀÇ Çõ¸í µ¿¾È¿¡ ÀǽÉÇÒ ¿©Áö¾øÀÌ º¯ÇØ¿ÔÀ» °ÍÀÌÁö¸¸, »õ·Î¿î ½À°üÀÇ ¿øÀÎÀ¸·Î¼¶ó±â º¸´Ù´Â »õ·Î¿î ½À°ü¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ¹ÝÀÀÀ¸·Î¼ º¯ÇØ¿ÔÀ» °ÍÀÌ´Ù. Ãʱ⿡´Â, ¿ä¸®´Â ±× ¹Ý´ëÀÇ °æ¿ìº¸´Ù´Â ´õ ÀÛÀºÃ¢ÀÚ¿Í ÀÔÀ» À§ÇÑ º¯È¸¦ ¼±ÅÃÇß´Ù. ³ªÁß¿¡´Â, ¿ìÀ¯ ¼·Ãë°¡ ¼±¸ À¯·´Àεé°ú µ¿¾ÆÇÁ¸®Ä«°è »ç¶÷µé¿¡°Ô¼ ¶ôÅä¿À½º ¼Òȸ¦ ¼ºÀαâ±îÁö À¯ÁöÇϱâ À§ÇÑ º¯È¸¦ ¼±ÅÃÇß´Ù. ¹®ÈÀûÀÎ ¸»ÀÌ À¯ÀüÀûÀÎ ¼ö·¹ ¾Õ¿¡ ¿Â´Ù. Áøȸ¦ À̲ô´Â À¯ÀüÀûÀÎ º¯È¿¡ÀÇ È£¼Ò´Â À¯Àü°ú ¹®ÈÀÇ °øµ¿ Áøȸ¦ ¿ªÇàÇÑ´Ù. ±×°ÍÀº »óÇâ½Ä °úÁ¤¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÇÏÇâ½Ä ¼³¸íÀÌ´Ù.
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