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33. ´ÙÀ½ ºóÄ¿¡ µé¾î°¥ ¸»·Î °¡Àå ÀûÀýÇÑ °ÍÀ» °í¸£½Ã¿À.[3Á¡]
Policymaking is seen to be more objective when experts play a large role in the creation and implementation of the policy, and when utilitarian rationality is the dominant value that guides policy. Through the use of the scientific method to determine the facts of any given policy situation, the power of social constructions is supposedly diminished, and solutions to social problems are discovered in an objective way. This process creates an illusion of neutrality and implies a transcendence of the pitfalls and inequalities commonly associated with policymaking. From this perspective, scientists and professionals emerge as the appropriate experts to be consulted in policymaking, while local citizen input and knowledge is often viewed as unnecessary. Scientific and professional policy design does not necessarily escape the pitfalls of degenerative politics. Scientific and professional expertise often relies on a particular type of knowledge that is limited to utility and rationality considerations. This approach to policy typically does not consider values and cultural factors that cannot be measured empirically. Scientifically designed policies can serve interests that run counter to the public interest. They . * transcendence: ÃÊ¿ù.
¨ç use empirically proven theories to reflect locals¡¯input
¨è do stress cultural values rather than utilitarian ones
¨é may be free from the inequalities of policymaking
¨ê can reinforce unequal and unjust relationships
¨ë reveal objective solutions to social problems
1. ³»¿ëÇ®ÀÌ
°úÇÐÀûÀÌ°í Àü¹®ÀûÀÎ Áö½Ä¿¡ ÀÇÇÑ Á¤Ã¥°áÁ¤°ú Á¤Ã¥ ÀÔ¾ÈÀÌ °´°üÀûÀ̶ó°í °£ÁÖµÉ ¼ö µµ ÀÖÁö¸¸, Áö¿ª ÁÖ¹ÎÀÇ Âü¿©¸¦ ¹èÁ¦½ÃÅ°°í °æÇèÀûÀ¸·Î ÃøÁ¤µÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Â °¡Ä¡¿Í ¹®ÈÀûÀÎ ¿ä¼Ò¸¦ °í·ÁÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â ÅðÇàÀûÀÎ Á¤Ä¡ÀÇ ÇÔÁ¤¿¡¼ ¹þ¾î³ªÁö ¸øÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀÌ ±ÛÀÇ ÁÖµÈ ¿äÁöÀ̹ǷΠºóÄ¿¡´Â ¨ê ¡®ºÒ°øÆòÇÏ°í ºÎ´çÇÑ °ü°è¸¦ °È½Ãų ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù¡¯°¡ °¡Àå ÀûÀýÇÔ.
¨ç Áö¿ªÁÖ¹ÎÀÇ Âü¿©¸¦ ¹Ý¿µÇÏ´Â °æÇèÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÔÁõµÈ ÀÌ·ÐÀ» »ç¿ëÇÑ´Ù.
¨è °ø¸®ÀûÀÎ °¡Ä¡º¸´Ù ¹®ÈÀûÀÎ °¡Ä¡¸¦ Á¤¸»·Î °Á¶ÇÑ´Ù.
¨é Á¤Ã¥°áÁ¤ÀÇ ºÒÆòµîÀ¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ÀÚÀ¯·Î¿ï ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù
¨ë »çȸÀû ¹®Á¦µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ °´°üÀûÀÎ ÇØ°áÃ¥À» µå·¯³½´Ù
2. ±¸¹®Çؼ³
¨ç [Policymaking is seen to be more objective when experts play a large role in the creation and implementation of the policy, and when utilitarian rationality is the dominant value that guides policy.] ¡ØPolicymaking:Á¤Ã¥°áÁ¤, Á¤Ã¥ÀÔ¾È ¡Øis seen to:~À¸·Î ¿©°ÜÁö´Ù. º¸ÀÌ´Ù.(Áö°¢µ¿»ç³ª »ç¿ªµ¿»ç°¡ ¼öµ¿ÇüÀÌ µÇ¾úÀ»¶§ toºÎÁ¤»ç°¡ ¿Â´Ù´ÂÁ¡¿¡ ÁÖÀÇ ¡Øobjective:°´°üÀûÀΡêsubjective ¡Øplay a role in:~¿¡¼ ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇÏ´Ù.(=play a part in) ¡Øthe creation and implementation of the policy:Á¤Ã¥À» ¸¸µé°í ½ÃÇàÇϴµ¥(implementation:½ÃÇà, ½ÇÇà) ¡Øutilitarian rationality:°ø¸®ÀûÀÎ ÇÕ¸®¼º(utilitarian[ju¢°tilətɛ́əriən], rationality:ÇÕ¸®¼º) ¡Øthe dominant value (that) guides policy:Á¤Ã¥À» À¯µµÇÏ´Â Áö¹èÀûÀÎ °¡Ä¡(thatÀº the dominant value¸¦ ¼±Çà»ç·Î °®´Â ÁÖ°Ý °ü°Ô´ë¸í»ç ¢ÑÀü¹®°¡µéÀÌ Á¤Ã¥À» ¸¸µé°í ½ÃÇàÇϴµ¥ Å« ¿ªÇÒÀ» ÇÒ ¶§, ±×¸®°í °ø¸®ÀûÀÎ ÇÕ¸®¼ºÀÌ Á¤Ã¥À» À¯µµÇÏ´Â Áö¹èÀûÀÎ °¡Ä¡ÀÏ ¶§ Á¤Ã¥°áÁ¤Àº ´õ¿í °´°üÀûÀÎ °ÍÀ¸·Î °£ÁÖµÉ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
¨è [Through the use of the scientific method to determine the facts of any given policy situation, the power of social constructions is supposedly diminished, and solutions to social problems are discovered in an objective way.] ¡ØThrough the use of the scientific method:°úÇÐÀûÀÎ ¹æ¹ýÀÇ »ç¿ëÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿© ¡Øto determine the facts of any given policy situation:¾î¶² ÁÖ¾îÁø Á¤Ã¥»óȲÀÇ »ç½ÇµéÀ» °áÁ¤ÇÏ´Â ¡Øthe power of social constructions:»çȸÀû ±¸¼ºÀÇ Èû(social construction:»çȸÀû ±¸¼º) ¡Øis diminished:°¨¼ÒµÇ´Ù.(diminish:ÁÙÀÌ´Ù. °¨¼Ò½ÃÅ°´Ù, supposedly:¾Æ¸¶µµ) ¡Øsolutions to social problems:»çȸÀû ¹®Á¦µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÇØ°áÃ¥ ¡Øare discovered:¹ß°ßµÇ´Ù. ¡Øin an objective way:°´°üÀûÀÎ ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î ¢Ñ¾î¶² ÁÖ¾îÁø Á¤Ã¥ »óȲÀÇ »ç½ÇµéÀ» °áÁ¤ÇÏ´Â °úÇÐÀûÀÎ ¹æ¹ýÀÇ »ç¿ëÀ» ÅëÇÏ¿© »çȸÀû ±¸¼ºÀÇ ÈûÀº ¾Æ¸¶µµ ¾àȵǰí, »çȸÀû ¹®Á¦µé¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÇØ°áÃ¥ÀÌ °´°üÀûÀÎ ¹æ½ÄÀ¸·Î ¹ß°ßµÈ´Ù.
¨é [This process creates an illusion of neutrality and implies a transcendence of the pitfalls and inequalities (which are) commonly associated with policymaking.]¡Øan illusion of neutrality:Á߸²¼º¿¡ ´ëÇÑ È¯»ó. ¡Øa transcendence of the pitfalls and inequalities:ÇÔÁ¤°ú ºÒÆòµîÀ» ÃÊ¿ùÇÏ´Â °Í ¡Øtranscendence[tr©¡nsendəns(i)]:ÃÊ¿ù, ÃÊ¿ù¼º ¡Øpitfall:ÇÔÁ¤ ¡Øinequality:ºÒÆòµî ¡Øbe associated with: ~°ú ¿¬°üµÇ´Ù.(associated with: ~°ú ¿¬°üµÈ) ¢ÑÀÌ °úÁ¤Àº Á߸³¼º¿¡ ´ëÇÑ È¯»óÀ» ¸¸µé¾î³»°í Á¤Ã¥°áÁ¤°ú ÈçÇÏ°Ô ¿¬°üµÈ ÇÔÁ¤°ú ºÒÆòµîÀ» ÃÊ¿ùÇÏ´Â °ÍÀ» ³»Æ÷ÇÑ´Ù.
¨ê [From this perspective, scientists and professionals emerge as the appropriate experts to be consulted in policymaking, while local citizen input and knowledge is often viewed as unnecessary.] ¡Øperspective:°üÁ¡ ¡Øemerge as~:~·Î ³ªÅ¸³ª´Ù.(emergence:ÃâÇö, ¹ß»ý, emergency:ºñ»ó»çÅÂ) ¡Øthe appropriate experts:ÀûÀýÇÑ Àü¹®°¡(appropriate:Àû´çÇÑ¡êinappropriate:ºÎÀû´çÇÑ) ¡Øthe appropriate experts to be consulted:Á¶¾ðÀ» ÇØÁÙ ÀûÀýÇÑ Àü¹®°¡ ¡Øwhile:¹Ý¸é¿¡ ¡Ølocal citizen input and knowledge:Áö¿ªÁÖ¹ÎÀÇ Âü¿©³ª Áö½Ä ¡Øis often viewed as unnecessary:ÀÚÁÖ ºÒÇÊ¿äÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î °£ÁֵǴÙ. ¢ÑÀÌ °üÁ¡À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ °úÇÐÀÚµé°ú Àü¹®°¡µéÀº Á¤Ã¥°áÁ¤¿¡¼ Á¶¾ðÀ» ÇØ ÁÙ ÀûÀýÇÑ Àü¹®°¡·Î µîÀåÇÏ´Â ¹Ý¸é¿¡ Áö¿ª ÁÖ¹ÎÀÇ Âü¿©³ª Áö½ÄÀº ÀÚÁÖ ºÒÇÊ¿äÇÑ °ÍÀ¸·Î °£ÁֵȴÙ.
¨ë [Scientific and professional policy design does not necessarily escape the pitfalls of degenerative politics. Scientific and professional expertise often relies on a particular type of knowledge that is limited to utility and rationality considerations.] ¡ØScientific and professional policy design:°úÇÐÀûÀÌ°í Àü¹®ÀûÀÎ Á¤Ã¥ ÀÔ¾È ¡Ødoes not necessarily:(ºÎºÐºÎÁ¤)¹Ýµå½Ã ~ÇÑ °ÍÀº ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. ¡Øthe pitfalls of degenerative politics:ÅðÇàÀûÀÎ Á¤Ä¡ÀÇ ÇÔÁ¤(degenerative:ÅðÇàÀûÀÎ) ¡Øexpertise:Àü¹®ÀûÀÎ ±â¼ú ¡Ørely on:~¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÏ´Ù.(count on, depend on, be dependent on, rest on) ¡Øthat:ÁÖ°Ý°ü°è´ë¸í»ç ¡Øbe limited to: ~¿¡ Á¦ÇѵǴÙ. ¡Øutility and rationality considerations:À¯¿ë¼º°ú ÇÕ¸®ÀûÀÎ °í·Á(=utilitarian rationality) ¢Ñ°úÇÐÀûÀÌ°í Àü¹®ÀûÀÎ Á¤Ã¥ ÀÔ¾ÈÀÌ ÅðÇàÀûÀÎ Á¤Ä¡ÀÇ ÇÔÁ¤À» ¹Ýµå½Ã ÇÇÇÏ´Â °ÍÀº ¾Æ´Ï´Ù. °úÇÐÀûÀÌ°í Àü¹®ÀûÀÎ Áö½ÄÀº ÀÚÁÖ À¯¿ë¼º°ú ÇÕ¸®ÀûÀÎ °í·Á¿¡ ÇÑÁ¤µÈ ƯÁ¤ À¯ÇüÀÇ Áö½Ä¿¡ ÀÇÁ¸ÇÑ´Ù.
¨ì [This approach to policy typically does not consider values and cultural factors that cannot be measured empirically. Scientifically designed policies can serve interests that run counter to the public interest. They can reinforce unequal and unjust relationships.] ¡ØThis approach to policy:Á¤Ã¥¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Á¢±Ù¹æ½ÄÀº ¡Øvalues and cultural factors that cannot be measured empirically:°æÇèÀûÀ¸·Î ÃøÁ¤µÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Â °¡Ä¡¿Í ¹®È¿ä¼Ò (that:ÁÖ°Ý°ü°è´ë¸í»ç, be measured:ÃøÁ¤µÇ´Ù. empirically:°æÇèÀûÀ¸·Î) ¡ØScientifically designed policies:°úÇÐÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÔ¾ÈµÈ Á¤Ã¥ ¡Ørun counter to: ~¿¡ ¿ªÇàÇÏ´Ù, °Å½º¸£´Ù. ¡Øinterest:ÀÌÀÍ ¡Øreinforce:°ÈÇÏ´Ù. ¡Øunequal:ºÒ°øÆòÇÑ ¡Øunjust:ºÎ´çÇÑ ¢ÑÁ¤Ã¥¿¡ ´ëÇÑ ÀÌ·¯ÇÑ Á¢±Ù¹æ½ÄÀº ÀϹÝÀûÀ¸·Î °æÇèÀûÀ¸·Î ÃøÁ¤µÉ ¼ö ¾ø´Â °¡Ä¡¿Í ¹®ÈÀûÀÎ ¿ä¼ÒµéÀ» °í·ÁÇÏÁö ¾Ê´Â´Ù. °úÇÐÀûÀ¸·Î ÀÔ¾ÈµÈ Á¤Ã¥Àº °ø°øÀÇ ÀÌÀÍ¿¡ ¿ªÇàÇÏ´Â °ü½É»ç¿¡ ºÎÇÕÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù. ±×°ÍµéÀº ºÒ°øÆòÇÏ°í ºÎ´çÇÑ °ü°è¸¦ °È½Ãų ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù.
3. ´Ü¾îÁ¤¸®
*policymaking:Á¤Ã¥°áÁ¤, Á¤Ã¥ÀÔ¾È *implementation:½ÃÇà, ½ÇÇà *utilitarian:°ø¸®ÀûÀÎ *rationality:ÇÕ¸®¼º *dominant:Áö¹èÀûÀÎ *social construction:»çȸÀû ±¸¼º *supposedly:¾Æ¸¶µµ *diminish:°¨¼ÒÇÏ´Ù *illusion:ȯ»ó, ȯ¿µ *neutrality:Á߸³¼º *pitfall:ÇÔÁ¤, À§Çè *perspective:°üÁ¡ *input:Âü¿©, ÅõÀÔ *degenerative:ÅðÇàÀûÀÎ *expertise:Àü¹®Áö½Ä *utility:À¯¿ë¼º *empirically[empirikəl]:°æÇèÀûÀ¸·Î *run counter to: ~¿¡ ¿ªÇàÇÏ´Ù, °Å½º¸£´Ù
4. Àü¹®Çؼ®
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