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According to a renowned French scholar, the growth in the size and complexity of human populations was the driving force in the evolution of science. Early, small communities had to concentrate all their physical and mental effort on survival; their thoughts were focused on food and religion. As communities became larger, some people had time to reflect and debate. They found that they could understand and predict events better if they reduced passion and prejudice, replacing these with observation and inference. But while a large population may have been necessary, in itself it was not sufficient for science to germinate. Some empires were big, but the rigid social control required to hold an empire together was not beneficial to science, just as it was not beneficial to reason. The early nurturing and later flowering of science to support original thought and freewheeling incentive. The rise in commerce and the decline of authoritarian religion allowed science to follow reason in seventeenth-century Europe. * germinate: ½ÏÆ®´Ù, ¹ß¾ÆÇÏ´Ù
¨ç prompted small communities to adopt harsh social norms
¨è resulted from passion and enthusiasm rather than inference
¨é occurred in large communities with strict hierarchical structures
¨ê were solely attributed to efforts of survival in a small community
¨ë required a large and loosely structured, competitive community
1. ³»¿ëÇ®ÀÌ
°úÇÐÀÌ ½ÏÆ®°í Àڶ󳪼 ²ÉÀ» ÇÇ¿ì´Â µ¥¿¡´Â ¸¹Àº Àα¸¸¸À¸·Î´Â ÃæºÐÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾ÒÀ¸¸ç µ¶Ã¢ÀûÀÎ »ý°¢°ú ÀÚÀ¯ºÐ¹æÇÑ µ¿±â¸¦ °¡´ÉÇÏ°Ô ÇØÁÖ´Â ¿©°ÇÀÌ ÇÊ¿äÇß´Ù°í ¸»ÇÏ°í ÀÖ´Ù. »ó¾÷ÀÇ À¶¼º°ú ±ÇÀ§ÁÖÀÇÀûÀÎ Á¾±³ÀÇ ¼è¶ôÀÌ ±×°ÍÀ» °¡´ÉÇÏ°Ô ÇØÁÖ¾ú´Ù°í ÇßÀ¸¹Ç·Î ºóÄ¿¡ µé¾î°¥ ¸»·Î ¨ë°¡ °¡Àå ÀûÀýÇÔ. ¨ç ÀÛÀº °øµ¿Ã¼µéÀÌ °¡È¤ÇÑ »çȸÀû ±Ô¹üÀ» µµÀÔÇϵµ·Ï À¯µµÇß´Ù. ¨è Ã߷к¸´Ù´Â °ÝÁ¤°ú ¿Á¤À¸·ÎºÎÅÍ ³ª¿Â °ÍÀ̾ú´Ù. ¨é ¾ö°ÝÇÑ À§°è ±¸Á¶¸¦ Áö´Ñ Ä¿´Ù¶õ °øµ¿Ã¼¿¡¼ ¹ß»ýÇß´Ù. ¨ê ¿ÀÁ÷ ÀÛÀº °øµ¿Ã¼ ³»¿¡¼ÀÇ »ýÁ¸À» À§ÇÑ ³ë·Â¿¡¼ ±âÀÎÇß´Ù.
2. ±¸¹®Çؼ³
¨ç [According to a renowned French scholar, the growth in the size and complexity of human populations was the driving force in the evolution of science.] ¡Øa renowned French scholar:ÇÁ¶û½ºÀÇ À¯¸íÇÑ ÇÐÀÚ(renowned:À¯¸íÇÑ, scholar:ÇÐÀÚ) ¡Øin the size and complexity of human populations:Àα¸ ±Ô¸ð¿Í º¹À⼺¿¡¼ÀÇ(complexity:º¹À⼺) ¡Øthe driving force:ÃßÁø·Â ¡Øthe evolution of science:°úÇйßÀü(evolution:¹ßÀü, ÁøÈ) ¢ÑÇÑ À¯¸íÇÑ ÇÁ¶û½º ÇÐÀÚ¿¡ µû¸£¸é, Àα¸ÀÇ ±Ô¸ð¿Í º¹À⼺ÀÇ Áõ°¡°¡ °úÇÐ ¹ßÀüÀÇ ÃßÁø·ÂÀ̾ú´Ù°í ÇÑ´Ù.
¨è [Early, small communities had to concentrate all their physical and mental effort on survival; their thoughts were focused on food and religion.] ¡Øconcentrate A on B: A¸¦ B¿¡ ÁýÁßÇÏ´Ù. ¡Øall their physical and mental effort:¸ðµç ¹°¸®Àû Á¤½ÅÀû ³ë·Â ¡Øbe focused on:~¿¡ ÁýÁߵǴÙ. ¡Øreligion:Á¾±³ ¢ÑÃʱ⿡ ¼Ò±Ô¸ð °øµ¿Ã¼µéÀº ¸ðµç ¹°¸®Àû, Á¤½ÅÀû ³ë·ÂÀ» »ýÁ¸¿¡ ÁýÁßÇؾ߸¸ Çß´Ù. ±×µéÀÇ »ý°¢Àº À½½Ä°ú Á¾±³¿¡ ÁýÁߵǾú´Ù.
¨é [As communities became larger, some people had time to reflect and debate. They found that they could understand and predict events better if they reduced passion and prejudice, replacing these with observation and inference.] ¡ØAs:~ÇÔ¿¡ µû¶ó ¡Øtime to reflect and debate:¼÷°íÇÏ°í Åä·ÐÇÒ ½Ã°£(reflect:¼÷°íÇÏ´Ù, ¹Ý¼ºÇÏ´Ù, ¹Ý»çÇÏ´Ù. debate:³íÀïÇÏ´Ù, Åä·ÐÇÏ´Ù.) ¡Øpassion:¿Á¤, °ÝÁ¤ ¡Øprejudice:Æí°ß, ¼±ÀÔ°ü ¡Øreplacing these with observation and inference:À̰͵é(°ÝÁ¤°ú Æí°ß)À» °üÂû°ú Ãß·ÐÀ¸·Î ¹Ù²Û´Ù¸é(=and they replace these with observation and inference ¡Øobservation:°üÂù ¡Øinference:Ã߸®, Ãß·Ð ¢Ñ°øµ¿Ã¼°¡ ´õ Ä¿Áü¿¡ µû¶ó, ¾î¶² »ç¶÷µéÀº ¼÷°íÇÏ°í Åä·ÐÇÒ ½Ã°£À» °¡Á³´Ù. °ÝÁ¤°ú Æí°ßÀ» ÁÙÀÌ°í À̰͵éÀ» °üÂû°ú Ãß·ÐÀ¸·Î ¹Ù²Ù¸é »ç°ÇÀ» ´õ Àß ÀÌÇØÇÏ°í ¿¹ÃøÇÒ ¼ö ÀÖ´Ù´Â °ÍÀ» ±×µéÀº ¾Ë¾Æ³Â´Ù.
¨ê [But while a large population may have been necessary, in itself it was not sufficient for science to germinate. Some empires were big, but the rigid social control (which was) required to hold an empire together was not beneficial to science, just as it was not beneficial to reason.] ¡Øwhile:(¾çº¸ÀÇ Á¾¼ÓÀý:though) ¡Ømay have p.p:~À̾úÀ»Áö ¸ð¸¥´Ù. ¡Øin itself:±× ÀÚü·Î(º»ÁúÀûÀ¸·Î) Áï Àα¸¸¸À» °¡Áö°í´Â ¡Øit:°¡ÁÖ¾î, for science:Àǹ̻óÀÇ ÁÖ¾î, to germinate:ÁøÁÖ¾î ¡Øgerminate:½ÏÆ®´Ù, ¹ß¾ÆÇÏ´Ù. ¡Øempire:Á¦±¹ ¡Øthe rigid social control:¾ö°ÝÇÑ »çȸÀû ÅëÁ¦(rigid:¾ö°ÝÇÑ) ¡Øbe required to~:~Çϵµ·Ï ¿ä±¸µÇ´Ù(~ÇÒ ÇÊ¿ä°¡ ÀÖ´Ù). ¡Øhold ~ together:~À» ´Ü°á½ÃÅ°´Ù. ´Ü°áÇÏ´Ù. ¡Øjust as~:~°ú ¸¶Âù°¡Áö·Î ¡Øreason:À̼º, ÀÌÀ¯, ³íÇÏ´Ù. ¢Ñ±×·¯³ª ¸¹Àº Àα¸°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇßÀ» ¼öµµ ÀÖ¾úÁö¸¸, ±×°Í ÀÚü¸¸À¸·Î °úÇÐÀÌ ½ÏÆ®´Â µ¥´Â ÃæºÐÇÏÁö ¾Ê¾Ò´Ù. ÀϺΠÁ¦±¹µéÀº ÄÇÁö¸¸, Á¦±¹À» Çϳª·Î ¹¶Ä¡°Ô ÇÏ´Â µ¥ ÇÊ¿äÇÑ ¾ö°ÝÇÑ »çȸÀû ÅëÁ¦´Â ±×°ÍÀÌ À̼º¿¡ ÀÌ·ÓÁö ¸øÇß´ø °Íó·³ °úÇп¡µµ ÀÌ·ÓÁö ¸øÇß´Ù.
¨ë [The early nurturing and later flowering of science required a large and loosely structured, competitive community to support original thought and freewheeling incentive.] ¡ØThe early nurturing and later flowering of science:Ãʱ⠰úÇÐÀ» À°¼ºÇÏ°í ³ªÁß¿¡ ²É ÇÇ¿ì´Â °ÍÀº(nurture:¾çÀ°ÇÏ´Ù, À°¼ºÇÏ´Ù, flower:²ÉÇÇ¿ì´Ù) ¡Øa large and loosely structured, competitive community: Å©°í ´À½¼ÇÏ°Ô Á¶Á÷µÈ °æÀïÀû °øµ¿Ã¼(loosely:´À½¼ÇÏ°Ô, structured:Á¶Á÷µÈ, competitive:°æÀïÀûÀÎ, community:°øµ¿Ã¼) ¡Øoriginal thought and freewheeling incentive:µ¶Ã¢ÀûÀÎ »ý°¢°ú ÀÚÀ¯ºÐ¹æÇÑ µ¿±â ¡Øfreewheeling:ÀÚÀ¯ºÐ¹æÇÑ, incentive:µ¿±â, ÀÚ±Ø, ÀÚ±ØÀûÀÎ ¢ÑÃʱ⿡ °úÇÐÀ» À°¼ºÇÏ°í ³ªÁß¿¡ ²ÉÇÇ¿ì´Â µ¥´Â, µ¶Ã¢ÀûÀÎ »ý°¢°ú ÀÚÀ¯ ºÐ¹æÇÑ µ¿±â¸¦ ÁöÁöÇÏ´Â Å©°í, ´À½¼ÇÏ°Ô Á¶Á÷µÇ¸ç, °æÀï¿¡ ±â¹Ý ÇÑ °øµ¿Ã¼°¡ ÇÊ¿äÇß´Ù.
¨ì [The rise in commerce and the decline of authoritarian religion allowed science to follow reason in seventeenth-century Europe.] ¡ØThe rise in commerce:»ó¾÷ÀÇ À¶¼º ¡Øthe decline of authoritarian religion:±ÇÀ§ÀûÀÎ Á¾±³ÀÇ ¼èÅð(authoritarian:±ÇÀ§ÀûÀÎ, µ¶ÀçÁÖÀÇÀÚ) ¢Ñ»ó¾÷ÀÇ À¶¼º°ú ±ÇÀ§ÁÖÀÇÀûÀÎ Á¾±³ÀÇ ¼è¶ôÀÌ 17¼¼±â À¯·´¿¡¼ °úÇÐÀÌ À̼ºÀ» µû¸£´Â °ÍÀ» °¡´ÉÇÏ°Ô Çß´Ù.
3. ´Ü¾îÁ¤¸®
*renowned:À¯¸íÇÑ *driving force:ÃßÁø·Â *inference:Ãß·Ð *freewheeling:ÀÚÀ¯ºÐ¹æÇÑ *authoritarian:±ÇÀ§ÁÖÀÇÀûÀÎ *norm:Ç¥ÁØ, ±âÁØ, ±Ô¹ü *passion:¿Á¤, °ÝÁ¤ *inference:Ãß·Ð *replace A with B:A¸¦ B·Î ¹Ù²Ù´Ù(´ë½ÅÇÏ´Ù) *decline:¼èÅð *original:µ¶Ã¢ÀûÀÎ, óÀ½ÀÇ *freewheeling:ÀÚÀ¯ ºÐ¹æÇÑ *incentive:ÀÚ±Ø, µ¿±â, ÀÚ±ØÀûÀÎ *nurture:¾çÀ°ÇÏ´Ù, À°¼ºÇÏ´Ù *flower:²ÉÇÇ¿ì´Ù *hierarchical:±Ç·ÂÀ» °¡Áø, À§°èÀÇ * be attributed to:~¿¡¼ ±âÀÎÇÏ´Ù(arise from, stem from, result from) cf)attribute to:~Å¿À¸·Î µ¹¸®´Ù. *solely:¿À·ÎÁö, È¥ÀÚ¼
4. Àü¹®Çؼ®
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